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党参经历了从与人参混用至基原明晰的历史演变。《中国药典》共收载了党参（Codonopsis pilosula(Franch.)Nannf, C. pilosula）、素花党参（Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta(Nannf.) L.T.Shen, C. pilosula var. modesta）和川党参（Codonopsis tangshen Oliv., C. tangshen） 3个基原。不同产区形成潞党、纹党、板桥党、白条党等特色品种。现代技术促进了党参的基原鉴别和质量控制。党参中多糖、皂苷、苯丙素、三萜等成分的分离分析及药理学研究表明，党参各类成分及提取物具有调节免疫、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、神经保护、降糖、降脂等功效。不同基原的党参在地理分布、主要化学成分及药理活性方面存在显著差异：C. pilosula以特定多糖与levan型低聚糖为特征，表现出显著的免疫调节与抗氧化活性；C. pilosula var. modesta在多糖与三萜类成分上具有优势，药用价值突出；C. tangshen则在苯丙素类和有机酸类成分上优势突出。本文归纳党参在本草考证、产区分布、基原辨析、化学成分与药理活性方面的研究进展，并强调不同基原间的成分-活性异质性。并基于此，对党参的应用及开发提出以下建议：在临床应用与质量控制上推行“分源管理”，建立基于标志性成分的差异化质量标准；开展关联成分-活性的研究，通过多组学解析及多中心临床验证，阐明各基原党参的药效物质基础及作用机制，指导党参的规范化利用与产业开发。
Abstract：Codonopsis radix(CR) has undergone a historical evolution from being used interchangeably with ginseng to having its botanical origins clearly defined. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia recognizes three official sources: Codonopsis pilosula(Franch.) Nannf.(C. pilosula), Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta(Nannf.) L. T. Shen(C. pilosula var. modesta), and Codonopsis tangshen Oliv.(C. tangshen). Different places of growth have given rise to distinctive commercial varieties(e.g., Lu-Dang, Wen-Dang, Banqiao-Dang, and Baitiao-Dang). Modern techniques have advanced the authentication and quality control of CR. Separation and, analysis of, and pharmacological studies on its components such as polysaccharides, saponins, phenylpropanoids, etc. and triterpenoids in CR have shown that various components and extracts of CR possess effects including immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, neuroprotection, and blood glucose and lipid lowering. Significant differences exist among the three botanical sources in terms of geographical distribution, primary chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities: C. pilosula is notable for its characteristic polysaccharides and levan-type oligosaccharides with strong immuno-modulatory and antioxidant effects; C. pilosula var. modesta is distinguished by abundant polysaccharides and triterpenoids and high medicinal value; C. tangshen is characterized by richer phenylpropanoids and organic acids. This review summarized research progress in the areas of historical textual research, geographical distribution, botanical identification, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of CR, with an emphasis on the heterogeneity in composition and bioactivity among different botanical sources. Based on current evidence, we recommended the implementation of "source-specific management" in clinical applications and quality control, along with the establishment of differentiated quality standards grounded in characteristic chemical markers. Further research should focus on component-activity correlation studies, multi-omics analyses, and multi-center clinical validation to clarify the pharmacodynamic material basis of each botanical source and guide standardized utilization and industrial development.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13885/j.issn.2097-681X.2025.09.008
中图分类号:R282.71
引用信息:
[1]王燕萍,孟亚男,邵亚洲,等.党参生药学研究进展[J].兰州大学学报(医学版),2025,51(09):56-63+73.DOI:10.13885/j.issn.2097-681X.2025.09.008.
基金信息:
甘肃省科技重大专项资助项目(25ZDFA001); 兰州市科技计划资助项目(2024-8-12); 甘肃省现代寒旱特色农业药产业技术体系建设专项资金资助项目(GSARS06); 甘肃省高校青年博士支持资助项目(2025QB-001); 兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(lzujbky-2023-it31); 兰州市青年科技人才创新资助项目(2024-QN-11); 甘肃省药品科研资助项目——青年科技创新资助项目(2023GSMPA023)